| の | [no] (prt) (See 乃) indicates possessive among other uses (for full details and examples see the main entry (linked)) #1 [Add to Longdo] |
| に | [ni] (prt) indicates such things as location of person or thing, location of short-term action, etc.; (P) #2 [Add to Longdo] |
| を | [wo] (prt) (1) indicates direct object of action; (2) indicates subject of causative expression; (3) indicates an area traversed; (4) indicates time (period) over which action takes place; (5) indicates point of departure or separation of action; (6) (See が) indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.; (P) #3 [Add to Longdo] |
| は | [ha] (prt) (1) (pronounced わ in modern Japanese) topic marker particle; (2) indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); (3) adds emphasis; (P) #4 [Add to Longdo] |
| が | [ga] (prt) (1) indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); (2) indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); (prt, conj) (3) but; however; still; and; (P) #6 [Add to Longdo] |
| た | [ta] (aux-v) (1) (だ after certain verb forms) (See だ・2) indicate past completed or action; (2) (See だ・3) indicates light imperative #7 [Add to Longdo] |
| で | [de] (prt) (1) indicates location of action; at; in; (2) indicates time of action; (3) indicates means of action; cause of effect; by; (conj) (4) and then; so; (aux) (5) (alternate form of 〜て used for some verb types) (See て) indicates continuing action; (P) #8 [Add to Longdo] |
| て | [te] (aux) (で after certain verb forms) (See で・5) indicates continuing action #9 [Add to Longdo] |
| さ | [sa] (suf) (1) -ness (nominalizing suffix indicating degree or condition); (prt) (2) (sentence end, mainly masc.) indicates assertion; (int) (3) (See さあ) come; come now; (P) #15 [Add to Longdo] |
| な | [na] (prt) (1) (sentence end, mainly masc.) indicates emotion or emphasis; (2) (abbr) (from なさい) (used with masu stem verb) command; (3) (used with dictionary form verb) prohibition; (P) #24 [Add to Longdo] |
| へ | [he] (prt) (pronounced え in modern Japanese) indicates direction or goal (e.g. "to"); (P) #30 [Add to Longdo] |
| か | [ka] (prt) (1) (was written with 歟) indicates question (sentence end); (2) indicates choice, doubt, etc.; (P) #35 [Add to Longdo] |
| れる;られる | [reru ; rareru] (aux-v, v1) (1) (れる for 五段 verbs, られる for 一段. Follows the imperfective form of (v5) and (vs) verbs) (See 未然形, 迷惑の受身・めいわくのうけみ) indicates passive voice (inc. the "suffering passive"); (2) (no imperative form. Infrequently used in modern Japanese, e.g. 歩ける is favoured over 歩かれる) (See ら抜き言葉・らぬきことば) indicates the potential form; (3) (no imperative form) indicates spontaneous occurrence; (4) (hon) (no imperative form) used as an honorific for others' actions #41 [Add to Longdo] |
| よう | [you] (aux-v) (1) (non-五段 verbs, e.g. 食べよう) indicates speculation; (2) indicates will; (3) indicates invitation #44 [Add to Longdo] |
| う | [u] (aux-v) (1) (after the imperfective form of certain verbs and adjectives) indicates speculation; (2) indicates will; (3) indicates invitation #63 [Add to Longdo] |
| ば | [ba] (prt) indicates supposition; if ... then; (P) #67 [Add to Longdo] |
| だ | [da] (aux) (1) (See です) plain copula; (aux-v) (2) (た after certain verb forms) (See た・1) indicates past or completed action; (3) (See た・2) indicates light imperative; (P) #79 [Add to Longdo] |
| たら(P);ったら(P) | [tara (P); ttara (P)] (conj, prt) (1) indicates supposition; if ... then; when; after; (prt) (2) (usu. ったら) (typically after someone's name) indicates exasperation; (P) #149 [Add to Longdo] |
| 方 | [ほう, hou] (n) (1) direction; way; side; area (in a particular direction); (2) side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; (3) type; category; (4) field (of study, etc.); (5) indicates one side of a comparison; (6) way; method; manner; means; (7) length (of each side of a square); (P) #160 [Add to Longdo] |
| たり(P);だり | [tari (P); dari] (prt) (1) (as …たり…たり, after the ren'youkei forms of multiple verbs) -ing and -ing (e.g. "coming and going"); (2) (used adverbially) doing such things as...; (3) (as …たり…たり at sentence-end, after the ren'youkei forms of a repeated verb) expresses a command; (aux-v) (4) (たり only) (arch) (from とあり) (See たる) (after a noun) to be; (5) (たり only) (arch) (from 〜てあり, after the ren'youkei form of a verb) indicates completion or continuation of an action; (P) #213 [Add to Longdo] |
| にて | [nite] (prt) indicates location of action (formal literary form of "de"); at; in; (P) #355 [Add to Longdo] |
| ね(P);ねえ | [ne (P); nee] (prt) (1) (usu. ね) (sentence end) indicates emphasis, agreement, request for confirmation, etc.; is it so; (int) (2) (usu. ねえ) hey; come on; (P) #384 [Add to Longdo] |
| よ | [yo] (prt) (1) (at sentence end) indicates certainty, emphasis, contempt, request, etc.; (2) (after a noun) used when calling out to someone; (3) (in mid-sentence) used to catch one's breath or get someone's attention; (int) (4) yo!; (P) #441 [Add to Longdo] |
| わ | [wa] (prt) (fem) (also used by men in Kansai dialect) (sentence end) indicates emotion or admiration; (P) #817 [Add to Longdo] |
| 無い | [ない, nai] (adj-i) (1) (uk) (See 亡い) nonexistent; not being (there); (2) unpossessed; unowned; not had; (3) (See またとない) unique; (4) (as ...ことがない, etc.) indicates negation, inexperience, unnecessariness or impossibility; (aux-adj) (5) (See ない) (after the ren'youkei form of an adjective) not ...; (6) (after the -te form of a verb) to not be...; to have not ...; (P) #952 [Add to Longdo] |
| ぬ | [nu] (aux-v, suf) (1) (See ない・1, ません, ん・2) (after the -nai stem of a verb) not (verb-negating suffix); (2) (arch) indicates completion #1,639 [Add to Longdo] |
| 被 | [ひ, hi] (pref) indicates the target of an activity; -ee (e.g. employee, examinee, trustee) #2,186 [Add to Longdo] |
| 一時 | [いちじ, ichiji] (n-t) (1) one o'clock; (n-adv, n-t) (2) once; at one time; formerly; before; (n-adv, n-t, adj-no) (3) (in weather forecasts, indicates that a given condition will hold for less than one-quarter of the forecast period) for a time; for a while; for the time being; for the present; for the moment; temporarily; (n) (4) (See 一時に) a time; one time; once; (P) #2,343 [Add to Longdo] |
| 程 | [ほど, hodo] (n-adv, n) (1) degree; extent; bounds; limit; (prt) (2) (uk) indicates approx. amount or maximum; upper limit; (P) #2,732 [Add to Longdo] |
| 建て | [だて, date] (suf) (1) indicates storeys, structures, or materials used in a building; (2) indicates denomination (after a currency) #2,925 [Add to Longdo] |
| 立て | [だて, date] (pref) (1) central; main; head; chief; (suf) (2) (uk) just (done); freshly (baked); indicates activity only just occurred; (ctr) (3) counter for consecutive losses #2,980 [Add to Longdo] |
| 立て | [だて, date] (suf) (1) particularly; especially; (2) indicates the number of horses or oxen drawing a carriage; indicates the number of oars on a boat; (3) indicates the number of movies, plays, etc. comprising a single program; indicates the number of items or methods used #2,980 [Add to Longdo] |
| 模様 | [もよう, moyou] (n) (1) pattern; figure; design; (2) state; condition; (3) conjecture of the current situation; the way it seems; (4) model; pattern; example; (5) (after a noun) indicates that that noun seems likely (e.g. rain or storm); (P) #3,073 [Add to Longdo] |
| ぜ(P);ぞ(P) | [ze (P); zo (P)] (prt) (male) (sentence end) adds force; indicates command; (P) #4,233 [Add to Longdo] |
| やら | [yara] (prt) (1) indicates a non-exhaustive list of items; (2) denotes uncertainty #5,522 [Add to Longdo] |
| 上がる(P);揚がる(P);挙がる(P);上る(io) | [あがる, agaru] (v5r, vi) (1) to rise; to go up; to come up; to ascend; to be raised; (2) to enter (esp. from outdoors); to come in; to go in; (3) to enter (a school); to advance to the next grade; (4) to get out (of water); to come ashore; (5) (also written as 騰る in ref. to price) to increase; (6) to improve; to make progress; (7) to be promoted; to advance; (8) to be made (of profit, etc.); (9) to occur (esp. of a favourable result); (10) (often as 〜で上がる) to be adequate (to cover expenses, etc.); (11) to be finished; to be done; to be over; (12) (of rain) to stop; to lift; (13) to stop (working properly); to cut out; to give out; to die; (14) to win (in a card game, etc.); (15) (挙がる only) to be arrested; (16) (挙がる only) to turn up (of evidence, etc.); (17) (揚がる only) to be deep fried; (18) to be spoken loudly; (19) to get stage fright; (20) to be offered (to the gods, etc.); (21) (hum) to go; to visit; (22) (hon) to eat; to drink; (23) (esp. 挙がる) to be listed (as a candidate); (24) to serve (in one's master's home); (25) (in Kyoto) to go north; (suf, v5r) (26) (See 出来上がる・1) (after the -masu stem of a verb) indicates completion; (P) #7,851 [Add to Longdo] |
| わい;わえ | [wai ; wae] (prt) (See わ) (sentence end, mainly male) indicates emotion #10,794 [Add to Longdo] |
| 居る | [おる, oru] (v5r, vi) (1) (uk) (hum) to be (animate); to be; to exist; (v5r, aux-v) (2) (after the -te form of a verb) verb indicating continuing action or state (i.e. to be ..ing); (3) (See やがる) (after -masu base of verb) indicates contempt or disdain for another's actions; (P) #12,653 [Add to Longdo] |
| 掛ける(P);懸ける | [かける, kakeru] (v1, vt) (1) (See 壁にかける) to hang (e.g. picture); to hoist (e.g. sail); to raise (e.g. flag); (2) (See 腰を掛ける) to sit; (aux-v, v1) (3) to be partway (verb); to begin (but not complete); (4) (See 時間を掛ける) to take (time, money); to expend (money, time, etc.); (5) (See 電話を掛ける) to make (a call); (6) to multiply; (7) (See 鍵を掛ける) to secure (e.g. lock); (8) (See 眼鏡を掛ける) to put on (glasses, etc.); (9) to cover; (10) (See 迷惑を掛ける) to burden someone; (11) (See 保険を掛ける) to apply (insurance); (12) to turn on (an engine, etc.); to set (a dial, an alarm clock, etc.); (13) to put an effect (spell, anaesthetic, etc.) on; (14) to hold an emotion for (pity, hope, etc.); (15) (also 繋ける) to bind; (16) (See 塩をかける) to pour (or sprinkle, spray, etc.) onto; (17) (See 裁判に掛ける) to argue (in court); to deliberate (in a meeting); to present (e.g. idea to a conference, etc.); (18) to increase further; (19) to catch (in a trap, etc.); (20) to set atop; (21) to erect (a makeshift building); (22) to hold (a play, festival, etc.); (aux-v) (23) (See 話し掛ける) (after -masu stem of verb) indicates (verb) is being directed to (someone); (P) #18,130 [Add to Longdo] |
| けり | [keri] (aux-v) (1) indicates recollection or realization (i.e. of hearsay or the past); can form a poetic past tense; (2) indicates continuation from the past to the present; (3) (also written with the ateji 鳧) end; conclusion [Add to Longdo] |
| して | [shite] (prt) (1) (See からして・1, として・1, にして・1, 為る・1) by (indicating means of action); as (a group, etc.); (2) (as 〜をして in modern Japanese) indicates patient of a causative expression; (3) (after the ren'youkei form of an adjective) acts as a connective; (4) (after an adverb or a particle) adds emphasis; (conj) (5) (See そして) and then [Add to Longdo] |
| ぞい;ぞえ;ぜえ | [zoi ; zoe ; zee] (prt) (arch) (at sentence-end) indicates mild emphasis [Add to Longdo] |
| たの | [tano] (exp) (abbr of ...ていたの) (See 乃・の・5, わ) (usu. sentence end) indicates emotion, admiration, emphasis, etc. [Add to Longdo] |
| てば;ってば | [teba ; tteba] (prt) (1) indicates emotional closeness or annoyance with someone; (2) indicates an indirect command by expressing annoyance (in sentence-final position) [Add to Longdo] |
| てもいい;ていい | [temoii ; teii] (exp, adj-i) (1) (after the ren'youkei form of a verb) indicates concession or compromise; (2) indicates permission [Add to Longdo] |
| ですか | [desuka] (exp) (pol) (See か・1) indicates question (sentence end) [Add to Longdo] |
| でもって | [demotte] (prt) (uk) (more emphatic than で) (See で・3) indicates means of action; cause of effect; by [Add to Longdo] |
| とは | [toha] (prt) indicates word or phrase being defined; (P) [Add to Longdo] |
| とやら | [toyara] (prt) (See やら・2) indicates uncertainty or second hand nature of information quoted [Add to Longdo] |
| と言うことだ | [ということだ, toiukotoda] (exp) (1) (indicates hearsay) I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; (2) (expresses conjecture about another person's feelings or mindset) it appears as if ... [Add to Longdo] |
